Observer Research Foundation

Founded in 1990, ORF aims to guide and support policy discussions with the goal of creating a robust and prosperous India within a just and fair global context. The organization plays a crucial role in uncovering and communicating India's perspectives, ensuring that Indian voices and ideas are present in global conversations. ORF delivers unbiased and independent analysis on various topics, including security, strategy, economy, development, energy, resources, and global governance, catering to a wide range of decision-makers such as governments, businesses, academic institutions, and civil society. ORF is dedicated to conducting comprehensive research, creating inclusive platforms, and nurturing the next generation of thought leaders.

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Articles

Nigeria-South Africa Mineral Partnership: A Strategic Chapter in Africa’s Resource Development

2 weeks ago | orfonline.org | Samir Bhattacharya

The Nigeria-South Africa minerals pact charts a new course for African-led industrialisation, regional integration, and strategic control over the continent’s natural resourcesImage Source: Getty In a landmark move poised to reshape the African mining landscape, Nigeria and South Africa have entered a mining cooperation agreement.
Drone Warfare: Contrasting India-Pakistan Tactics and Capacities

3 weeks ago | orfonline.org | Suchet Vir Singh

The India–Pakistan aerial clash marked South Asia’s first major drone war—a sign of what's to come. Image Source: Getty Filling the night sky with attack drones—last week’s turbocharged aerial conflict between India and Pakistan marked the first instance of heightened drone warfare in South Asia. The hostilities that transpired between 6–10 May 2025—a result of the terror attacks in Pahalgam—signified the looming centrality of air power in future India-Pakistan battles.
Conflicts in Africa | Sahel’s strategic drift towards Russia

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Samir Bhattacharya

While US President Donald Trump’s tariffs are resetting the global trading order, Africa is recalibrating its alliance with the West to move closer to Russia. In recent years, the Sahel region experienced deterioration in the security situation caused by the dwindling presence of the US and France. Capitalising in this shift, Russia has expanded its influence with the countries in the Sahel – the vast expanse south of the Sahara Desert.
The US-India Space Collaboration: A Perspective from Emerging Frontiers

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Mandeep Rai

Image Source: Getty As leading nations in the final frontier, India and the United States (US) share a legacy of space collaboration since the formation of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, when India launched its first sounding rockets from Thumba with US support.
The Horn of Africa’s Reset: Eritrea-Ethiopia Rift Threatens Wider Instability

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Samir Bhattacharya

Image Source: Getty The fear of another regional war seems to be looming over the Horn of Africa, backed by a surreal sense of déjà vu in how things unfold. Back in November 2020, a war broke out between the Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) and a coalition of rebel groups led by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). This war continued for nearly two years, taking the lives of 600,000 people and leaving another 900,000 Ethiopians displaced.
The Mauritius-India Partnership and New Delhi’s Expanding Footprint in the Indian Ocean

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Samir Bhattacharya

Earlier this month, on the invitation of Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Mauritius to celebrate the country’s National Day as the chief guest. This visit can also be seen as an effort by New Delhi to expand its influence in the strategically significant Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR). During his previous visit to the country in 2015, Modi unveiled India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision for maritime security.
Global race for minerals will define new power equations

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Pranjal Sharma

Image Source: Getty The hunger for rare earths and critical minerals is shaping global geo-political developments. The control and access to minerals will define powers equations for the next few decades. Countries with ready and affordable access to these minerals will be strengthen their economies. Supply control of such minerals will underpin an economy’s technological prowess. The scramble for natural resources has been occurring for ages.
‘Not just a rise, but emancipation’ - How India is putting pressure on the West

1 month ago | orfonline.org | Christina Zur Nedden

India is striving to play a pioneering role in the emerging new world order. The fastest growing major economy in the world is taking off - and forging new alliances. Germany, however, is in danger of falling behind in the competition for the country's favour. A s a reaction to the tariffs imposed by US President Donald Trump, share prices are plummeting worldwide. India is also to be hit with a 26 per cent tariff surcharge in total.
Fortress America: The Trump Reordering

2 months ago | orfonline.org | Vivek Mishra

Image Source: Getty The United States (US) President Donald Trump’s ‘Liberation Day’ call for across-the-board tariffs on allies, friends, and partners indicates certain and uncertain elements within his policy arc. While uncertainty characterises the inherent nature of his second term with markets bearing the frontline impact of frequent policy changes from Washington, the latest tariff announcements on 2 April 2025 have added a degree of certainty in policy direction.
Digital Public Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Private Sector Innovation: Lessons from Fintech Sector in India

2 months ago | orfonline.org | Anit Mukherjee

Image Source: Getty I. INTRODUCTIONOver the past decade, India has built an interoperable, open-source digital public infrastructure (DPI) that is operational at population scale.