Alfredo Parra-Lucares

Mar 10, 2025 | preprints.org | Manuel J. Mallol-Simmonds |Cristian Daniel Avila |Cristian Ávila |Iván Cañete |Alfredo Parra-Lucares

You are already at the latest version Heart failure (HF) is a global health challenge characterized by the heart’s inability to satisfy metabolic demands, driven by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivation, neurohormonal imbalance, and emerging mechanisms like the gut-heart axis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Affecting over 6 million adults in the US alone, HF incurs a 5-year mortality rate of 50% and escalating costs projected to double by 2030.