Charlotte Ward

Sep 3, 2024 | nature.com | Evan Fraser |John Moore |Charlotte Ward |Ian Donohue |Kevin McCann |Ze’ev Gedalof | +11 more

Historically, humans have managed food systems to maximize productivity. This pursuit has drastically modified terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems globally by reducing species diversity and body size while creating very productive, yet homogenized, environments. Such changes alter the structure and function of ecosystems in ways that ultimately erode their stability. This productivity–stability trade-off has largely been ignored in discussions around global food security. Here, we synthesize empirical and theoretical literature to demonstrate the existence of the productivity–stability trade-off and argue the need for its explicit incorporation in the sustainable management of food systems. We first explore the history of human management of food systems, its impacts on average body size within and across species and food web stability. We then demonstrate how reductions in body size are symptomatic of a broader biotic homogenization and rewiring of food webs. We show how this biotic homogenization decompartmentalizes interactions among energy channels and increases energy flux within the food web in ways that threaten their stability. We end by synthesizing large-scale ecological studies to demonstrate the prevalence of the productivity–stability trade-off. We conclude that management strategies promoting landscape heterogeneity and maintenance of key food web structures are critical to sustainable food production. A synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature shows the extent to which food production has homogenized and rewired food webs to increase productivity but with negative consequences for stability.

Jul 19, 2023 | newsday.com.ng | Charlotte Ward

Chelsea supporters were unable to hide their delight at seeing Kai Havertz struggle for Arsenal in the MLS All-Star Skills Challenge on Tuesday. Havertz called time on his three-year stint at Chelsea earlier this summer and joined the Gunners in a £65 million deal. And Chelsea fans are already claiming that they have got the better end of the deal following Havertz’s performance in the MLS All-Star Skills Challenge.