Chong Ma

Apr 29, 2023 | mdpi.com | Chong Ma |Ben Zhao |Wei Xiong |Xingxiang Chen

1. IntroductionThe escalating global environmental crisis has created a growing demand for sustainable building materials, making it crucial to design novel types of sustainable concrete [1,2,3]. Concrete is a typical inorganic composite material with widespread use in construction engineering [4]. Natural sand is the most commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, but natural sand resources are becoming increasingly scarce, with a global yield ranging from 32 to 50 billion tons [5].