Christoffer Dharma

Jun 21, 2023 | mdpi.com | Christoffer Dharma |Rui Fu |Michael Chaiton

1. Introduction 1.1. Descriptive EpidemiologyFox et al. in the American Journal of Epidemiology called for the need to revitalize descriptive epidemiology [1], which refers to studies that are “more concerned with describing associations than with analyzing and explaining causal effects” [2]. Descriptive epidemiology, since John Snow developed his maps of cholera, is a core and vital component of epidemiology.