de Vreese

Mar 1, 2024 | academic.oup.com | Van der Linden |von Sikorski |de Vreese |van der Meer

Disinformation—the goal-directed dissemination of deceptive information—has been regarded as a key threat to democracy. Among other things, disinformation can increase polarization, enhance cynicism, or cultivate distrust and uncertainty among citizens (e.g., Bennett & Livingston, 2018; Freelon & Wells, 2020). These concerns are voiced even louder for visual disinformation, and deepfakes in particular (e.g., Dan et al., 2021; Westerlund, 2019).