Dimitris Aivaliotis

Oct 19, 2024 | mdpi.com | Dimitra Vernardou |Dimitris Aivaliotis

1. IntroductionLithium ion batteries (LIBs) are energy storage devices that store energy in the form of chemical energy and then release it into electrical energy. This process is completely reversible. Their operation is based on redox reactions, where a material gets oxidized, losing electrons and another material is reduced, gaining those electrons. These reactions happen between two electrodes, which are called active materials or working electrodes [1].