Douglas Kammen

Oct 30, 2024 | newmandala.org | Douglas Kammen |Gatra Priyandita |Wang Lezhi |Edward Aspinall

For Timor-Leste, the 20th century was a century of repeated mass violence. While the Manufahi Rebellion of 1911–1912 is celebrated by East Timorese as the last great uprising against Portuguese rule, and the terrible loss of life under the Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) is viewed as the tragic price of freedom, the impact of the Japanese occupation (1942–1945)—both demographic and social—has been all but neglected.