Eva Stoger

Feb 16, 2023 | frontiersin.org | Pau Ferrer |Eva Stoger |Octavio T. Ramirez

1 IntroductionInfectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi are long-standing problems for animals and humans, especially those that cause a global pandemic and severe lethality, such as COVID-19 (Kwok et al., 2021; Baker et al., 2022). Besides the social restrictions to lower the spread rate among individuals, immunization with an effective vaccine might be the only ultimate weapon to fight against the pathogens (Micoli et al., 2021; Pollard and Bijker, 2021).