Fei Ge

Dec 5, 2024 | mdpi.com | Fei Ge |Zhenyang Dai |Zhimin Yang |Fei Wu

1. IntroductionIn this era of rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), human–computer interaction has become a core component of this technological landscape. Devices such as cameras [1], mobile phones, and sonar [2] have facilitated diverse and effective interaction methods. However, in the context of continuous technological advancement, there is a growing concern about personal privacy issues, such as unauthorised use of portraits or illegal synthesis of voices [3].