Francesca Bartoli-Leonard

Jul 8, 2024 | mdpi.com | Francesca Bartoli-Leonard |Amy Harris |Kelly Saunders |Julie Ann Madden

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Jun 2, 2023 | frontiersin.org | David Csiki |Stephanie Sellers |Francesca Bartoli-Leonard |Geoffrey W. Payne

1. Introduction Vascular calcification and valvular heart disease are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In particular, the prevalence of valve calcification (VC) is eight times higher in end stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis than in the general population (1). Aortic and mitral valves are affected most frequently, and calcification of both valves arises 10–20 years sooner in CKD patients compared with subjects with normal kidney function (1–3).