Hongmei Ni

May 18, 2024 | mdpi.com | Hongmei Ni |Xia Li |Jingqi Huang |Shuming Zhou

1. IntroductionSubsea tunnels offer significant advantages such as minimal impact on the marine environment, all-weather accessibility, and no disruption to sea traffic, becoming the main means to cross straits, bays, and river mouths [1,2]. In recent years, Chinese subsea tunnel construction has entered a rapid development phase, with several world-class subsea tunnels completed, including the Xiamen Xiang’an Tunnel [3] and the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel [4].