Huimin Niu

Oct 28, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Yuan Chen |Yao Ge |Huimin Niu |Chuning Lin

1 Introduction Insulin resistance is physiologically defined as a state in which the responsiveness of insulin-target tissues to high physiological insulin levels is reduced. It is considered a pathogenic factor in many modern diseases, including metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes [1-3]. Insulin resistance precedes nonphysiological elevations in blood glucose levels and is a key pathogenic factor in many metabolic diseases [4-6].