Huiming Qi

Nov 7, 2024 | mdpi.com | Ying Zhang |Huiming Qi |Qiang Cheng |Zhi Li

1. IntroductionPneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are mainly made up of braided woven meshes, rubber tubes, and sealed connectors [1]. As a kind of soft actuator, the PAM features a high power density ratio and a large driving force, breaking through the flexibility limitations of the rigid actuator to widely serve as a bionic actuator in robotic fields for underwater tasks [2], elderly care services [3,4], rescues [5], rehabilitation [6,7,8], and other flexible manipulations [9].