James S. Sham

Jun 14, 2023 | frontiersin.org | David Sebastian |Juan Munoz |Juan Muñoz |James S. Sham

1 IntroductionOxygen is crucial to generates ATP through by accepting electrons from a proton gradient in mitochondria. In the sea level, oxygen is ample for fuel metabolism, but in hypoxia, the oxygen is deprived and which can be caused by high altitudes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), anemia, carcinoma, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).