Ji Qiang

Sep 12, 2024 | scirp.org | Ji Qiang |Chad Mitchell |Remi Lehe |Arianna Formenti

1. IntroductionThe solution of the three-dimensional (3D) Poisson equation plays an important role in many fields. In particle accelerator research, the nonlinear space-charge effects due to Coulomb interactions among charged particles play an important role in high-intensity and high-brightness beam physics since such effects can cause beam quality degradation, halo formation, and even particle losses.