Jianan Qiao

Sep 30, 2024 | mdpi.com | Hao Feng |Yan Huang |Zhenyu Wang |Jianan Qiao

1. IntroductionSubmarine cables and pipelines are critical infrastructures for global communication and energy transmission; they are essential for international connectivity, energy security, and marine environmental protection [1]. Amid increasing globalization, submarine cables account for over 90% of global trans-oceanic communications while also interconnecting continental networks for power, oil, and gas transmission [2].