Jianxue Zhai

Feb 5, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Zhiming Chen |Xingxing Zhang |Jiayang Fan |Jianxue Zhai

INTRODUCTION Esophageal cancer (EC) is a malignancy of the digestive system that exhibits high incidence and mortality rates. In 2020, EC was ranked as the seventh most prevalent cancer (604 000 new cases, 3.1%) and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death (544 000 deaths, 5.5%) worldwide.1 EC is classified into two histopathological types; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).