Jiayue Wu

Jan 8, 2025 | mdpi.com | Jiayue Wu |Yujie Liu |Han Wang |Xiaobing Ma

1. Introduction 1.1. BackgroundAccurate degradation modeling and failure prediction are essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of mechanical systems in high-stakes fields such as aerospace and rail transit [1]. These industries rely on complex mechanical components that operate under time-varying conditions, which makes proactive failure prediction and management critical.