Jihong Pu

May 29, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Miao Han |Chao Shen |Julian Wang |Jihong Pu

1 Introduction Buildings contribute to 36% of total energy consumption and 37% of global carbon emissions.[1] Windows are the weakest link for building energy-saving, which approximately account for 40% of building energy loss. Thus, energy-saving innovation in windows has become a crucial approach to achieve carbon neutrality in buildings. Generally, energy-saving improvements for windows are focused on reducing the U-value and controlling the solar transmittance.