Jinya Xu

Nov 17, 2023 | mdpi.com | Jinya Xu |Jiaye Gong |Luyao Wang |Yunbo Li

1. IntroductionThe interaction and movement between ships and waves are of utmost importance for ship handling and safety at sea. Understanding how waves influence a ship’s behavior, stability, and navigational challenges is vital to ensuring the safety of vessels, crew, cargo, and the environment. This helps optimize ship handling, cargo stability, emergency response, and vessel design while minimizing environmental impact.