Jinzheng Liu

Sep 5, 2024 | dx.doi.org | Ruiying Shi |Weitao Liu |Jinzheng Liu |Xiang Li

1. IntroductionClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Over 400 million years of coevolution with herbivores, plants have developed a range of defensive mechanisms, including constitutive and induced defenses. (1,2) Constitutive defenses refer to the inherent resistance of the plant to insects, such as structures, like the epidermal hairs and waxes of the plant. Induced defenses, on the other hand, are triggered after a phytophagous attack and can save defense costs.