Jyh-Ping Chen

Sep 13, 2023 | mdpi.com | Chih-Hao Chen |Hao-Hsi Kao |Jyh-Ping Chen |Yen-Chen Lee

1. IntroductionAs a form of hyaline cartilage, the articular cartilage consists of an extracellular matrix (ECM) sparsely populated with chondrocytes. However, the cartilage tissue shows very low metabolic activity from the limited cell proliferation. Furthermore, due to the low cellularity and lack of blood vessels with which to transport nutrients, the articular cartilage has a limited regeneration ability, and surgical intervention is required to repair the defective tissue [].