Kan Shao

Nov 3, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Francesco De Pretis |Reggio Emilia |Yun Zhou |Kan Shao

1 INTRODUCTION Benchmark dose (BMD) methodology (Shao & Shapiro, 2018; US Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA], 2012) has become the default approach for determining the toxicity value of chemicals in regulatory risk assessments. Since its introduction (Crump, 1984), the BMD method has evolved into a mature and standardized framework, primarily applied to toxicological data.

Dec 29, 2023 | ehp.niehs.nih.gov | Kan Shao

IntroductionChemical risk assessment, a vital tool to protect human and environmental health, has been widely used to evaluate the toxicity of substances by regulatory agencies.1,2 Recently, in addition to typical toxicity data obtained from experimental animal tests, data from emerging methods3–5 (e.g., high-throughput microarrays and computational toxicology tools) have been increasingly used to support chemical risk assessment.

Jul 27, 2023 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Francesco De Pretis |Yun Zhou |Pengcheng Xun |Kan Shao

This subsection is further divided into four parts: In the first two parts, we provide a description of the models; we employ to analyze dichotomous and continuous data, to then focus on the pretreatment of the dose (adjusted exposure midpoint computations) and of the response (BMR calibration). 2.3.1 Model epidemiological data as dichotomous data This model works in two steps.