Kimiyasu Takahashi

Mar 11, 2023 | mdpi.com | Keiko Nakano |Senlin Guan |Kimiyasu Takahashi |Koichiro Fukami

1. IntroductionLevel arable lands, particularly lowland fields, are advantageous for maintaining the same water-holding capacity or moisture level in the field. However, soil movement caused by machinery-based land preparation or natural disasters (e.g., frequent floods) can induce shifts in field levelness.