Menglong Ding

Jan 10, 2024 | mdpi.com | Ming Qi |Menglong Ding |Wenguo Zhu |Shu Qin Li

1. IntroductionUnlike fixed-wing aircraft, flapping wings have numerous degrees of freedom, encompassing various motions and deformations [1], such as active flapping and twisting, passive torsional and bending deformations, and spanwise folding. These dynamic features enable flapping wings to efficiently generate lift and thrust, thereby enhancing flight performance [2]. Consequently, comprehending the impact of wing motions on flight performance is pivotal in flapping-wing design.