Mustapha Aoubala

Jul 1, 2023 | microbiologyresearch.org | David J. Rowlands |Christopher McCormick |Mustapha Aoubala |John Holt

Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes.