Peyman Sabbahfar

Jan 11, 2025 | mdpi.com | Jose Lucas Melo |Aníbal Costa |Humberto Varum |Peyman Sabbahfar

1. IntroductionThe reinforced concrete (RC) structures built before the 1970s, mostly in European Mediterranean countries, were primarily designed to solely withstand gravity loads; therefore, the capacity design principles and ductility characteristics were not taken into consideration for such structures [1].