Pierre Damien

Mar 30, 2024 | agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com | James McWilliams |M. Jeroen Molemaker |Pierre Damien

1 Introduction Changing sea-level elevation ζ is perhaps the most readily measurable and measured oceanic property. Averaged over surface gravity waves, it expresses the tides and, at lower frequencies, the horizontal pressure gradient force for surface currents u ⃗ $\vec{u}$ . At even lower frequencies it expresses climate changes in global temperature and ice volume. Sea level is traditionally measured with coastal gauges.