Qian Xi

Jun 12, 2024 | mdpi.com | Zhongguo Li |Qian Xi |Zhou Shi |Qi Wang

1. IntroductionUnmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are self-driving tools capable of performing tasks in a variety of complex environments without any human intervention. USVs exhibit significant practical value in both commercial and military applications [1]. In commercial sectors, they are utilized in environmental monitoring [2], resource exploration [3], shipping [4], and other related areas.