Qianhui Yin

Feb 27, 2024 | mdpi.com | Yijun He |Deyong Sun |Qianhui Yin

1. IntroductionThe Arctic is one of the regions most vulnerable to global climate change, as it experiences a warming rate approximately 1.5–4.5 times higher than the global average [1]. This is due to its unique environment, which amplifies the impacts of climate change [2]. The presence and changes in the primary environmental factors in the Arctic, such as ice and snow, have profoundly influenced the climate, hydrology, and ecology of the polar region, as well as the global environment.