Qilong Song

Sep 27, 2023 | mdpi.com | Xiao Jun Zhang |Zhanhu Yao |Dong Su |Qilong Song

3. Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling 3.1. Proportion of Soft–Hard LayersTunnel construction safety is affected by the uneven distribution of soft and hard layers in composite strata. This study aimed to investigate the stability of tunnel faces when encountering different combinations of soft and hard layers. The area method was used to define the different ratios of soft and hard layers [2], as illustrated in Figure 3.