Qiuyue Lai

Dec 16, 2023 | mdpi.com | Yu Wan |Yuhan Yang |Qiuyue Lai |Wangxia Wang

1. IntroductionTumor progression causes the generation of a very complex pathological environment called a tumor microenvironment (TME), which directly promotes tumor growth. The rapid metabolism and proliferation of tumor cells require an increased blood supply to meet their demand for nutrients and oxygen. This leads to excessive oxygen consumption, thus creating a large disorganized and leaky tumor-associated vasculature and the formation of a hypoxic region [1].