Riccardo Marin

May 18, 2023 | frontiersin.org | Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf |Panagiotis Symvoulidis |Riccardo Marin

IntroductionThe study of physiology in living animals is often limited by the requirement of invasive procedures, physical restraint, anesthesia, or even euthanasia. Tissue biopsies and blood-based assays require animal manipulation and restraint, increasing stress levels, which inevitably affects general animal physiology (Kvetnansky et al., 1978; Pare and Glavin, 1986; Glavin et al., 1994; Buchecker et al., 2020).