Serena Del Turco

Nov 25, 2024 | sciencedirect.com | Yang Gao |Wei Fu |Serena Del Turco |Giuseppina Basta

The frequency of pandemic outbreaks is accelerating, and the potential losses due to the “global village” effect are increasing. β-Coronaviruses are the most pathogenic and have caused three major pandemics: SARS-CoV in 2003, MERS in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 [1], [2], [3], [4]. Between 2020 and 2021, COVID-19 has resulted in approximately 14.9 million deaths globally, reducing global life expectancy by 1.8 years to 71.4 years, which has reverted to 2012 levels [5].