Shaoxuan Zhang

Nov 12, 2024 | mdpi.com | Xiaoping Li |Xinyue Liu |Shaoxuan Zhang

1. IntroductionSteel wire ropes (SWRs) are critical load-bearing elements in numerous industrial applications, including elevators, cranes, and mine hoisting systems [1,2,3]. The integrity of these ropes directly impacts operational safety and efficiency [4]. As industrial technology advances, the demand for precise and reliable non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for SWRs has significantly increased [5].