Shenghui Wang

Jun 3, 2024 | mdpi.com | Yixuan Huang |Shenghui Wang |Zhao Wang |Guangwei Xu

1. IntroductionDue to their high energy density, long cycle life, low self-haul rate, and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in both pure electric and hybrid electric vehicles [1,2]. Nonetheless, several challenges arise in their practical application. First, the charging time is prolonged, and excessive charging currents may induce thermal runaways, leading to battery explosions and the generation of harmful gases, posing a significant threat to human life [3].