Shengmin Lan

Dec 2, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Ying Liu |Zhihui Duan |Shengmin Lan

1 Introduction Esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor formed by abnormal differentiation of squamous cells [1]. The main symptoms in the middle and late stages of ESCC patients are dysphagia, weight loss, upper abdominal pain, and nausea [2, 3]. At present, ESCC treatment is mainly surgery, combined with chemoradiotherapy and comprehensive treatment [4, 5]. Despite great efforts, the prognosis of ESCC patients is still unsatisfactory [6].