Shifan Liang

Aug 22, 2024 | mdpi.com | Meng Zhao |Jiaqi Guo |Shaohua Li |Shifan Liang

1. IntroductionWith the rapid development of China’s economy, the demand for transportation has increased dramatically. Consequently, infrastructure construction represented by expressways and high-speed railways has developed rapidly, and the proportion of tunnels in such projects has become increasingly significant. The southwest region, as an important coal resource gathering area and major production region in southern China, has many goafs formed by long-term mining activities.