Stephan W. Aberle

Jul 11, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | David Springer |Jeremy Camp |Stephan W. Aberle |Josef Deutsch

1 INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants continue to evolve into multiple sublineages that can evade immunity due to mutations in its spike protein.1, 2 This has caused global waves of infections with novel Omicron lineages that escape immunity from infection or vaccination, requiring vaccine adaptations. Bivalent mRNA vaccines that target both ancestral (D614G) and Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 spike proteins were used as booster vaccines, starting in September 2022.