Stevin Lu

Oct 11, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Stevin Lu |Lois J. Starr |Rachel Taylor |Anji T. Yetman

1 Introduction Turner syndrome (TS) is a relatively common genetic disorder characterized by complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in females (Cui et al. 2018). The co-morbid conditions associated with TS have been well characterized and include congenital cardiac, renal, and reproductive organ anomalies (Cui et al. 2018). Patients may also have a host of acquired conditions with potential for development of autoimmune, hepatic, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and cardiac disease (Cui et al.