Tobias Ide

Mar 10, 2025 | journals.sagepub.com | Florian Krampe |Joakim Kreutz |Tobias Ide

IntroductionArmed conflicts can have substantial negative effects on countries’ ecological systems. On the one hand, there are direct impacts on the environment, for instance, the targeting of environmentally sensitive industries (such as refineries and nuclear power plants) and water and energy infrastructure (Weinthal & Sowers, 2019), as well as the contamination due to weapons and remnants of armed conflicts.