Articles

  • Dec 5, 2024 | mdpi.com | Huiling Liu |Da Wang |Zhenyu Wang |Tong Zhao

    All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

  • Dec 4, 2024 | armscontrol.org | Tong Zhao |Thomas Countryman |Ellie Geranmayeh |Jenny Town

    December 2024When Donald Trump begins his second term as U.S. president on January 20, he will assume control of an arsenal of 5,044 nuclear weapons and responsibility for guiding U.S. policy toward nine nuclear-armed states, one state that is dangerously close to becoming nuclear-capable and several conflicts that potentially could escalate to nuclear-weapons use.

  • Oct 19, 2024 | armscontrol.org | Tong Zhao

    December 2024By Tong ZhaoFollowing President Donald Trump’s reelection, China anticipates a more confrontational U.S. policy and is bracing for intensified strategic competition. Beijing is likely to double down on bolstering its nuclear arsenal, emphasizing the Chinese military Rocket Force mission of “strategic counterbalance,” the use of strategic military capabilities to moderate adversaries’ broader approaches toward China.

  • Aug 15, 2024 | carnegieendowment.org | Tong Zhao

    Experts debate whether China’s nuclear buildup is a move toward aggression or just a response to improvements in America’s nuclear capabilities. What factors are actually motivating China’s policy and perspectives? Senior Fellow Tong Zhao explains.

  • Jul 21, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Tong Zhao |Jinlong Wang |Yanhua Liu |Xiuzhen Li

    Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202410096-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx4.9 MB Supporting Information adfm202410096-sup-0002-MovieS1.mp410.6 MB Supplemental Movie 1 adfm202410096-sup-0003-MovieS2.mp422.3 MB Supplemental Movie 2 References 1a) , , , , , , , , Nature 2024, 626, 72; b) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Nature 2022, 603, 624; c) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Adv. Mater.

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