Wenxue Gao

Jul 30, 2024 | mdpi.com | Yongbo Wu |Xiaojun Zhang |Zhuo Li |Wenxue Gao

1. IntroductionIn recent years, China’s transportation industry has developed rapidly, with significant investment shifting from the eastern coast to the western mountainous regions [1,2,3]. Major projects, such as railway and highway tunnels, are extending to greater depths. For instance, the Sichuan–Tibet Railway Tunnel has a maximum buried depth of 2600 m, while the Ehan Expressway Tunnel reaches 1944 m. Currently, tunnel excavation primarily utilizes the drilling and blasting methods [4].

Mar 5, 2024 | mdpi.com | Xiaojun Zhang |Zhuo Li |Zheng Wei |Wenxue Gao

1. IntroductionDue to its relatively low cost and high efficiency [1,2], blasting technology is widely adopted in various engineering applications across a wide range of domains, such as mining, transport infrastructure construction, and building demolition [3,4,5].