Wenyang Lei

Oct 20, 2024 | mdpi.com | Wenyang Lei |Fang Yuan |Jiang Guo |Haoyang Wang

1. IntroductionBolts are widely used as fasteners in industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and manufacturing, where they are essential for maintaining structural integrity and operational efficiency by securely joining components [1,2]. However, bolted joints can be compromised by factors like environmental conditions, dynamic loads, material degradation, and improper installation.