Xianfeng Cheng

Aug 20, 2024 | mdpi.com | Zhiwei Guo |Xianfeng Cheng |Quanmin Xie |Hui Zhou

1. IntroductionDue to its high carrying capacity and efficiency, rail transport has become the main mode of land transportation [1,2]. The lining structure of subway tunnels is fixed by bolts, which support the tunnel structure to ensure the safe operation of the subway, as shown in Figure 1. Bolts play a crucial role in the structure of subway tunnels, as they not only fix the lining structure but also support the stability and safety of the entire tunnel [3,4,5].