Yingkai Xia

Sep 11, 2024 | mdpi.com | Yingkai Xia |Jiawei Li |JiaJun Liu |Zhengjiang Guo

1. IntroductionAutomated guided vehicles (AGVs) [1] have become increasingly vital in modern logistics and industrial automation, due to their ability to enhance efficiency and reduce labor costs. AGVs are widely deployed in unmanned environments such as automated warehouses, ports, and factories, to perform tasks like material handling, transportation, and loading/unloading [2].