Yuanyuan Wan

Jan 8, 2025 | mdpi.com | Yuanyuan Wan |Gang Zeng |Jiawei Wang |Lin Zou

1. IntroductionThe artificial intelligence (AI) industry has emerged as a strategic sector and a central driver of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, sparking extensive scholarly discourse. As defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an AI system is a machine-based system that can make predictions, recommendations, or decisions that influence real or virtual environments for a given set of human-defined objectives [1].