Yulseong Kim

Sep 6, 2024 | mdpi.com | Jin Zhang |Yulseong Kim |Xuebin Zheng |Shuyin Deng

1. IntroductionContainer shipments have become the primary mode of global trade. As key facilities for transportation, container terminals are essential for social and economic development. The container terminal has been propelled towards greater automation and intelligence due to innovative technology. The competitiveness between different container terminals has become a symbol of port status, with more concentrated logistics turnover and traffic at the container terminals.