Yun-Bin Cao

Feb 9, 2024 | onlinelibrary.wiley.com | Ye E Wu |Engineering Nanjing |Qiu-Yi Dong |Yun-Bin Cao

1 INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the lower and upper motor neurons that causes progressive muscular weakness.1 ALS features clinical manifestations of motor dysfunction (e.g., muscle spasticity, twitching, and dysphagia) as well as cognitive and behavioral impairment.2 ALS progresses rapidly and ultimately leads to respiratory failure; and patients with ALS have a median survival time of only 3–5 years from the onset of...